In many opportunities the people say tham the education is the motor of the progress. One topic of this is the books and the invest of the countries in this. The devoleped countries showed that within theirs politics be the more inportant invest in books. The next graph is a representative sample of the money spent on books by for countries of Europe. This countries are: Germany, France, Italy and Austria. The graph show the money in millions of dolars than the countries investment in books and the evolution between the years 1995 and 2005. Germany: Germany shows that is the nation which invests the most in books. Their evolution in the graph proves this: In 1995, Germany invested 80 millions of dolars in books, a number very far from the next country down, France wich invested 10 millions of dolar for below. This invest increase slightly (90 millions of dolars) until 1999, in where the invest decrese slightly, until the same number that in 1995. This, between 1999 and 2003. Then, in 2003 the invest increase rapidly, exceeded the 90 millions of dolars. France: France shows that is the second nation wich invest is most in books. In 1995, the invest of the goberment of France was approximately 55 millions of dolars. Then go up a little to 1999 (aproximately 60 millions of dolars). In this year the invest increase rapidly to 70 millions of dolars. Then, between 2001 and 2003, the invest remain steady until that this, in 2003, increase slightly to 2005 in aproximately 10 millions, reaching the 80 millions of dolars. Italy: Italy in 1995 had have invest in books of 50 millions of dolars. This number increase slightly to aproximately 55 millions to 1997. Then, in this year, the number decrease dramatically to below of the 50 millions in 1999. After that between 199 and 2001 the invest of the goberment of Italy increase slightly to the same number that in 1995. Next, the number increase rapidly to more of 60 millions of dolars. Austria: Austria in 1995 had have the minor number of invest in books in contrast with the others countries. Their invest was of 30 millions of dolars. But, after that, to 1999, the invest of the central Europe country increase rapidly, until the 40 millions. Between 1999 and 2001 the invest stay the same number. Then, the number increase heavily, until the 60 millions. Finally, the invest increase again in 10 millions, until the 70 millions of dolars in invest of books. Conclusions The graph show clearly that the most invest in books of this countries is Germany, with a final number of the aproximately 90 millions of dolars. But, in contrast, surprisingly, is the country wich numer more time decrease, between 199 and 2003. However, Germany show that is a big economy, which budget is good invest. Conversely, Austria is the country which budget in books more progress, passing of the 30 millions in 1995 to 6o millions in 2003.

Languague

The language is a medium for comunicate with others humans and look solutions for the conflicts than usually  confront the humanity. Since the origin of humanity the lenguague be present in the most importants events, as the discovery of the fire or the invention of the wheel. In alls of this events or discoverys, the language be present  for cominicate this great achievements whit others humans than reproduce this achievements. Accordingly, know-how the language from the biginning is a privilege of a few persons and this a constituent element of the power and imposition to others. Is clear than this tool (the language) is a power for opresed to who can't dominate the language. 

For nature, the languague is learned and is a imitation of others humans, that is to say than the languague always is a "theft" and just is the unic form to learn the languague and then cumunicate.

Regard with the chilean lenguage I think than is a very conservative with the new language, the "inclusive lenguage". I think than the chilean lenguage should open to others forms to speak and comunicate, in where all be inclusive in the languague.

English 5: sample of a simple introduction (week 2 wrtiting)

The community tourism of Mapuche people

Background: 

A long of the chilean history the Mapuche people have had many problems for live in the chilean territory. This problems a cause for the enormous racism and colonialism be characteristic of a chilean society. The Mapuche people always have had resist this negative prejudice, ever with dignity and spirit of fight for your cause. Just does not with the war or physics fight, also this people have had resistance with others activities or trades, as bakes or housekeeper. In syndicates or groups, this historical trades of Mapuche people has been organized for yours rights and for survive in a hostile country with they. 

In the start of the XXl century, the new governing of centre-left party, the "concertación", was make a "new deal" with the indigenous people, invested more money in indigenous programs and creating the "CONADI", a corporation didicate especially to the indigenous topics. This news politics publics started in the new century have a multicultural logical, whose intention is a depoliticization of the indigenous people by means of the economic vision. 

Problem:

But this intention for part of the state not only been alone, because the indigenous people and particularity the Mapuche people just not accept this does not say anything, does not make actions against this logical. Is this topic the motive of this text, the pugnacity of the Mapuche people and the state in the new politics publics of state in this century, and who the Mapuche people resist whit tools of give the system. One of this tools is the community tourism of "Trawun group".

Proposed solution:

Is very difficult see a solution for this problem, is clear what this situation not change from overnight. 

Bio Data

Bernardo Jorquera Leyton, was born in 1997, in Recoleta, Santiago de Chile. Is a Social anthropologist gradueted of  Universidad de Chile and Master in Latinoamerican studies for UNAM. At present is doctoral student of UC-Louvain in Belgium. He is a expert in latinoamerican socials moviments of this clicle, as environmental moviments or indigenous moviments. For example, he investigated from near the Mapuche moviment in your country, Chile, in the general rebelion of this people against the forestry industries in 2022. Today he is teaching in the Alberto Hurtado University and in Humanismo Cristiano University, giving the mapuche culture class and the Etnomarxism class.
Also is member of the "Collective of militant anthropology", that is a Latinoamerican collective in a revolutional line againt the traditional acadamy and comitted with the social causes. He is always traveling to different parts of Latin America for to participate in different meetings with other social scientists and social movements, as in his words says: "the latinoamerican union is fundamentaly for to win in the war againt neoliberalim and the imperialism".

Together with the archaeologist Guillermo Ramírez, they are represent the new faces of Chilean anthropology and the hope of achieving a militant and committed anthropology with the community.

Free time

Hello guys, today I going to talk about of my favorite hobby in me free time.

I´m a singular person for this campus or for this faculty. In here place, the people is very talented, the guys of this faculty are very good in differents activities . For example, a lot of them practice differents arts, as circus or painting, or play a musical instrument. As oppesed, I´m a more simple guy, I don´t have a lots of hobbys. In fact, I have just hobby, that is play football. I play football since i can remember. Since a little boy play in the street and in the soccer field of cement near of my house. With my friends played alls of days when we was more youngs. Today the practice of this activity is different, now I´m not have a lot of time for play football everyday, and also my energy is enough for play everyday. In general, I play football thre or for times in the week. I train FACSO selection two times and play with my friends one or two times. In general, the place where I practice football is in the soccer field of Juan Gomez Millas or in a soccer field in La Florida, near of my house. The surface of this fields is of synthetic grass. That activity involves a ball, that is essential, a soccer field and players with a more passion and layalty for respect this beautiful game. Say for why I enjoyed the game is a little difficult because is a very unthinking, is more a sensitive expirence, in where I feel free, speed, with my mind clear and relaxed.

Guys it was a nice experience to share some things of my life with you :)

Green

Hello guys, today I speak about my opinnion of environmental .

In first place, I think that problem is a "political problem", that is to say a problem of the capitalist sistem and more specific the extractive  capital. That particularity of sistem is devastating a lot of countries which are dependent on their "naturals means", altering the natural order of the planet,  for example, driying rives, logging tees and making the climate very different in your natural order. 

I think than problem is coming out of control, the climate change is to provoke irreversible changes as the extinction of more animals or the forced displacement of a lot of people out of yours homes. As I said before, I think that problem is a political, but also is a cultural problem, because it shows a mercantl conception of the planet. The solution is, in my opinnion, finish the capitalism, have a new conception of the our planet, of the our "naturals means".

On other hand, obviusly this problem have a practical small solutions, practices in the cotidian life. As have a life different to the rest of people, that is to say, using the public transport and not use the car, or use the bicycle as your the principal transport of your life. Also, the recycling  is a very important topic in this practice. Organized and to distinguish the different materials is the most important. Anyway, the best practice for the cotidian life is the organization with our community,  we should used the recycling for make relations and speak about the concrete problems but also of the structural problems what have in chek the planet.

Bye guys! I hope to read your opinions :)

Discrimination

In general, the chilean people it's very racist, and express that racism in annoying way. This expression's can see in street, in the work, in the tv, and more others public's space and is the reflex of the a very important problem, a historical problem whit the really mean be a chilean guy. I think was origin of this problem is the european colonialism, the white color imposition who a stereotipe of good. This imposition come in the a lot spaces of the society, in a lot spaces of our reality, who our body, thinking, moral, ethics, love, etc. This is creating an a ideology, a common way for answer to arrival of inmigrants, in special whit the inmigrants darks kind people or indigenous people. Obviously exist others types of discrimination, who discrimination to the LGTBI activist people or the discrimination against the woman's, the sexism. These discriminations are also a very important focus of the chilean people and also are influenced for "the ideology". 

I think what this three discriminations are most very worse, because with this three unite the others discrimination, as the discrimination against poor people or against of differents religions. Hopefully walk to a world against the racism, against the discrimination and especially against world colonilism.

Good Bye guys! :)

A JOB YOU WOULD LIKE TO DO IN THE FUTURE

Hello guys, today I´m going to write about "my ideal job".

Since was a little boy I think in the job of my dreams. Remember what I wanted to be a doctor, after I wanted to be a firefighter, that is to say the typical trades or professions what a little boy wants to.

That situation don't change when I grew up. When I'm was a adolescent, my ideal job or my dream was going to a football player, play in a European club and play for Chile in a world cup. With the time, that dream couldn´t be done. 

Today, my ideal job It's dissimilar. Now study a discipline than is concerned for the people. for the all of cultures. Is for that, who in a future job, I would like help the people from the education, more specific, help to respect everywhere education's by of culture´s. I would love to make a interculturality school, commanded for the community and with a funding colective. I think than skilss for succed are, in the first place, have the tittle of anthropolgist, then have a specialization in interculturality education and to be rigorous for achieve the money. 

I think with that, I would feel very good, because I have been a help for a lot of people than not can have access to the knowledge of own culture. 

I hope to read yours "ideal jobs". Bye :)

What I like and what I want to do in the future

One of the things that motivates me a lot is to learn more about my career, anthropology, because many times in the basic cycle topics are too general and are not of my total interest. Mainly there are three topics in which I am introducing myself, these are: anthropology of education, urban anthropology and ethnomarxism.

In the first place, it seems very important to me that an anthropologist is linked to the educational theme, because it is in this instance where human beings, in addition to early childhood, form their base of thought and action that will accompany them for the rest of their lives. In addition, education is an apparatus of control on the part of the state, therefore forms the mold that society wants to build as a human being.

On the other hand, urban anthropology captures my interest in being in the everyday, in the common places I usually move around. It is very interesting for me to see how people move and give meaning to their spaces, in addition to how the late-modern city is taking shape and getting into tension with the people who live there. The phenomenon of the city is something that really fascinates me and that's why I would love to work interdisciplinary with professionals dedicated to this topic, such as geographers or architects. I imagine that it should be a very enriching and helpful dialogue.

I hope in the near future to devote much more time to these two topics. Greetings, fellows!

Film

The name of the movie is" Good Bye Lenin!". I remember that I saw this movie in my house, after a school teacher recommended it to me in 2016. The main actors in the film are Daniel Brühl,  Katrin Saß, Chulpan Khamatova, Maria Simon and Florian Lukas. Belongs to the drama genre. 

When I saw this movie I knew I would see it many times more. I knew that it would become my favorite movie, because it included many elements that have always attracted my attention. The historical period that it reflects is the last stage of what was understood by real socialisms, the end of the socialist dreams that the Bolsheviks initiated in 1917. The film managed to transfer all those emotions that the people of the German Democratic Republic felt when they saw their country fall, when they saw their compatriots enter the machine of capitalism. The movie I manage to move and show another side of that country that usually never show, that nostalgia, that love shown by their former citizens.

Besides, maybe from that emotional side that aroused the film in me, there are also other details that I find great, as well as how well the characters are in terms of costumes and the atmosphere that was given to the film. These details made me feel like I was in those years, walking through the old oriental berlin, seeing its old buildings, its parks or its impressive "Berliner Fernsehturm".

English Language Challenges.

It is difficult to learn english in college, there are many factors that negatively influence learning. For example, academic pressure is a very important factor and makes your concentration focus on your career subjects. In general my experience has not been positive, because the time needed to learn a language very different from my native language has not been the necessary. But, on the other hand, the use of the blog is a very different tool than I was accustomed to study English and that has made me learn in a more innovative and topics that are of my interest. Therefore, with more dedication time to learn the English language and using an innovative tool like the blog, I think my learning can grow over time.

I think I should improve my organization to study this language, find new ways to learn it and not stay with the old ways of learning it. For example, talking online with people who speak English, which would make the language something closer or everyday for me. Another thing that could help me learn the english language, is to watch movies or series that have a more colloquial language, ie how people speak more everyday english speaking.

Finally, outside the classroom, speaking English has become a more everyday habit, the English is getting closer, especially in social networks, which has made the English is closer and learn more and more. On the other hand, the english form is a joke and often mixed with spanish, which can be negative because it can generate a wrong learning.

My favorite subject this semester

Name: Bernardo Jorquera Leyton

In this semester really not like a more subject of my curricular mesh, but the subjects I liked the most were Sociology and Social History of Chile. The subjects among themselves, are very different, because Sociology is more traditional subject, with a class where only the teacher talks about the content. Also, in this subject we only read european authors. The subject, in general It was of the evolution of the sociology since it's origin in the 19th century until the postmodernism in the second part of the 20th century. The reason I like it, it was because the subject made read from an author who is talked about a lot, but he really read little. 

The second subject I liked was Social History of Chile, because, in counterposition, it was very different than sociology, with a class where not only the teacher speak, and where the teacher allowed a more collective class. The class, in general, It's was a social history, with chilean author's and political and social topical. Really like this subject, because I learned a lot from the non-traditional history and the memory of the common people. 

Antonio Gramsci

Antonio Gramsci was an Italian marxist theorist and politician. He wrote on political theory, sociology and linguistics. He attempted to break from the economic detterminism of traditional marxist thought and so is considered a key Neo-Marxist He was a founding member and one-time leader of the communist party of Italy and was imprisoned by Benito Mussolini's fascist regime. Antonio Gramsci was born on January 22, 1891, in Sardinia, Italy. In 1915, he became a journalist for the Italian Socialist Party. In 1921, the party split into the Italian Communist Party, of which he was an active participant. In 1926, he was arrested for speaking out against fascism. He started his “Prision Notebooks" in 1929 and died still a prisoner on April 27, 1937, in Rome, Italy.

Gramsci is a great intellectual reference, because he was an advance to his time, broke with the traditional Marxism that at that time put the Stalinism. Also, he wrote his great work from prison, which makes his intellectual display even more meritorious. For me, Antonio represents the basis for thinking about how culture affects human beings.

My favorite photograph

This photograph was taken by my friend Nicolás Tapia Yañez. It was taken in July 2016 and was awarded in May 2017 with the first national place of the "Sexto Concurso de Fotografía del Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial "Captura tu Entorno" del Consejo Nacional de la Cultura y las Artes.

Its the material sample ofa whole life of sacrifice and effort of any family, whose faces can not be distinguished and it is very representative of the place where I come from. Here you can see two people who are carrying a jar of goat milk, in any house, from any place in the province of Choapa. This photograph also reflects the hard life of the peasant farmer, who works every day to be able to rise. This journey made between the place where the goats are milked and their house is done every day, all year round, by many people who subsist by this means. This work results in the production of goat milk cheese that is sold to the merchants of the cities at a very low price. This practice was very common in the area but it is already being lost.

POSTGRADUATE STUDIES

I today I will talk about the post grades and the importance that they have for our generation.

I think that is necessary have a post grade because it increases the knowledge and enables to specialize areas of interest, in my case I would like tospecialize in studies about Latin America’s natives on ‘Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México’  or political economy on the Charles University of Praga, I’d love study in the country, for example, México or Czech Republic, because I could have a different and closer vision of my studies, also I would have the opportunity to meet other cultures and a myriad of things.

On the other hand, nowadays the undergraduate is not as important as before, because postgraduate studies have been positioned above the undergraduate level, cause the magisters have a higher cost and this has made that few people can acquire that kind of knowledge.

"My favorite Movie".

Remember what see that movie a any day, when while I was about to sleep in the summer. The name of the movie is "The first grader". The reason why I like the movie is because have a historical sense, it contains the representation of a generational clash and in the context of african educational precarity. 

What was said in the previous paragraph, speak of the kind of movies I like to see, that is to say with a historical sense, with drama and with critical sense for to society. 

The most recent movie what I see, it was "Dom za vesanje", this movie is a romany drama inspired by the racial mix of the balkan peninsula. This movie have a great anthropological content, whence I recommend it. 

Finally, I feel that the cinema is a great tool for to show the reality of the cultures of the world and to create knowledge. 

My favorite Technological object.

Today all people have a many technology objects in your possesion. Tv, tablets, smartphones, inteligent watches, etcetera. But, in my opinión, the cell phone is the most important object in the daily life. Cause with them, we have all information in our hand and we can stay in communicated with our friends.

I had my  first phone when i was 16 years old. It was a present for my birthday by my sister.

The phone is very easy to use. You can download many apps for different profits, and obviously you can call the others people.

The time that I use my phone varies in terms of different things. For example, if i have a work for the university, I have to stay in conexion with my parents, so i use the phone for a long time. Or if i stay with my friend i don’t use my phone.

Finally the life with out phone maybe will be a good life or will be a bad life. Because on the one hand, the life with out phone will be  it would be difficult to communicate with people at a long  distance or access information quickly. On the other hand, it would be good not to depend so much on a device and be more free.

Why anthropology?

It's a little funny to talk about what you were planning when you were a little kid, maybe it's very different from what you're doing in the present. When I was a little boy I dreamt of being a professional football player and playing in a great European football team and win the uefa champions league. But the dreams changed. But dreams change when you grow up, and then of and after leaving school change what I wanted to do with my life I found in the study of culture a great passion, and anthropology took care of it, and this passion was the one that made me decide finally.

My experience in the university until the present has been good, I have made very close friends and I have learned a lot from them as well as the subjects that are taught in the university.

Finally, in the future I would love to work outside an office, and be outside with people, talking to them and knowing their experiences in the first person.

My Autobiography

Hello, my name is Bernardo Jorquera, i’m 20 years old, I was born on june 23^rd, 1997 in Recoleta. My parents are Patricia Leyton and Bernardo Jorquera, my mom and my dad are teachers and I’m a future anthropologist.  I’ve lived in La Florida all my life. I studied at the San Francisco de Asis school, academically it isn’t a good school, but for me, is where I met amazing people and if I could live my life again, I would like to study again in the same school.

I like to ride a bike, play soccer whit my friends and lost the time.

My expectations.

Hello everyone, I will share my expectations with this course. I know that this language is essential for everything nowadays, but if it is social sciences. For this reason, I want to put everything of my capacity to be able to learn the greatest amount of this language

I think the most difficult for learning this language is listening comprehension and fluency for to speak with another person in english, more if they people is north american.

Respect to the use of blog in the course, I think I think it is a great tool to learn non-traditional English, which is very positive.

Goodbye partners! :)